Space and Plant Landscape Architecture

Creation of space Created by modifying ground plane, vertical plane, overhead lane both individually and collectively Ground plane- ground cover or low shrubs may imply spatial definition through variations in height and material Vertical plane- can influence the perception of space in several ways : Tree trunks act as vertical columns The degree of enclosure will vary with the size of the trunks, their density of massing, and their pattern of arrangement The foliage mass of plants, the density and height of the foliage mass affects the quality of the space The taller the plant and the larger and more closely its leaves or needles are spaced, he stronger the feeling of enclosure Enclosure is to occur with seasonal variation The overhead planet foliage mass and branches in the canopy of trees Create ceilings over an outdoor space, Limiting the view to the sky Affecting the vertical scale of the space Trees are placed so strong; canopy overlaps shutting out exposure to the sky Collecti vely, as outdoors room The degree of perceived enclosure varies with The relative height of the surrounding vegetation Its spacing, density, and The position of the viewer relative to the surrounding vegetation A space feels very enclosed when he encircling plant materials areBasic spatial types created with plants Creation of numerous types of spatial character using only plant materials Modify the spaces created by buildings Modify the spaces created by buildings To subdivide larger spaces delineated by buildings into smaller spaces Modify the spaces created by buildings Complete the spatial definition and organization Closure The completion of a spatial enclosure, articulated by a building or enclosing wall Modify the spaces created by buildings Linkage Visually connecting separate elements Architectural uses of plant material 2. Screening To conceal unattractive objects or scenes in the environment A vertical barrier can control views 3. Privacy control The techniques of encircl ing a well-defined area with plants To isolate the space from its surrounding Eliminate freedom of movement through enclosed space LANDSCAPE VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS Visual Plant Characteristics Visual Plant Characteristics Plant size, form, color and texture 1 . Plant size Directly affects the scale of a space, compositional interest, overall framework of a design Visual Plant Characteristics – plant size Large and intermediate trees, oft tallVisual Plant Characteristics – plant size Tall shrubs, loft to oft Lack of canopy Visual Plant Characteristics – plant size Tall shrubs, loft to oft Visual Plant Characteristics – plant size Intermediate shrubs, oft to oft tall Serve as visual transition in a composition between tall shrubs and small trees and low shrubs Low shrubs, oft Define space or separate spaces without in habiting views Used along a walk or path to contain pedestrians on the walk without affecting the line of visions Used to connect other unrel ated elements visually Subordinate element Give a composition a spotty appearance LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Visual Plant Characteristics – plant size Ground cover, 6 in to 12 inches Floor material of an outdoor space To imply spatial edges Outlining a desired shape on the ground To define non walking surface, lawn and pavement To provide visual interest based on distinct color or texture As background To link visually separate elements or group of element To stabilize the soil, prevent erosion LANDSCAPE 2.Plant form Visual Plant Characteristics – plant form Fascinated / Columnar Upright, narrow, papers to a point at its top Emphasize the vertical by leading the eye skyward Give a sense of vertically and height to both a plant mass and to a space they enclose Acts as accents and exclamation pointillist's not be placed throughout a composition Visual Plant Characteristics – plant form Spreading/horizontal Horizontal habit To give a feeling of breadth and extent Used in a composition Used for contrast with vertical fascinate Harmony with flat landforms, long lines extending across the horizon, low horizontal buildingsVisual Plant Characteristics – plant form Round, globular Design composition, design unity No directional, neutral Harmony with other curvilinear forms Visual Plant Characteristics – plant form Pyramidal/conical Very sharp and distinct in their outline Visual accents Echo pyramidal building forms Visual level region where mountain are lacking Harmony with design of stiff, geometric shapes Visual Plant Characteristics – plant form Weeping Predominantly pendulous, downward-arching, branches Found in and associated with low points of ground, like he weeping willow along edges of water bodies Lead the eye toward the ground Used over water to reflect the undulating form.

Strategic Management Accounting

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING This report will attempt to explain what Strategic Management Accounting (SMA) is, how it developed, why Traditional Management Accounting (TMA) is not sufficient to provide information for strategic decisions and the difference between SMA and TMA. It will further outline some of the essential analytical tools or techniques in SMA such as Activity Based Costing (ABC) and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). SMA is an extremely broad concept, so in order to give a bird’s eye view of the subject this report mainly focus on comparing SMA to TMA and finally describes the importance and criticisms of SMA.What is Strategic Management Accounting? â€Å"A form of management accounting in which emphasis is placed on information which relates to factors external to the firm, as well as non-financial information and internally generated information. † (CIMA Official Terminology) â€Å"Strategic management accounting is a crucially important activity beca use it is outward-looking. It focuses specifically on the market, hence its common description as market-driven accounting. The main data it produces is on customers, products and competitors.This is softer in form than the hard numbers associated with financial reporting, but it forms a part of the inclusive strategy process that is linked to the pursuit of competitive advantage. † (Roslender and Hart, 2006) As mentioned above, SMA emphasis on information external to the firm, such as information about competitors and customers, and non-financial information such as product quality and customer satisfaction, along with emphasising on firm’s internal factors such as information regarding company’s overheads and management of raw materials.The professional strategic management accountant engages with the organization’s top management team and contributes to strategy development and implementation with the aim of creating customer value and a strong competit ive position for the organisation. The business environment has undergone significant changes due to globalisation and developments in information and production technologies (Burgstahler et al. 2007). Trading on a global stage with exponentially advancement in technology has indirectly and radically ffected the traditional management system. These sudden changes have generated the need for Traditional Management Accounting, which is preoccupied with numbers and accounting measures to shift to the next level, which is to focus on value addition and integration within a company. Strategic Management Accounting VS Traditional Management Accounting The three main limitations of Traditional Management Accounting (TMA) are, first, TMA information was acquired from the existing financial accounting information systems.As a result the focus generally remained on annual periodical targets and internal accounting systems thus failing in providing accurate and holistic information that mirror s the technology, products, and complexity of the operational processes on the one hand and on the other hand failing in integrating these for operating in a highly competitive environment (Baines and Langfield-Smith, 2003). Second, its aggregated form renders it less useful for a manager who wants information to be customised according to the specific managerial needs.Third, the window dressing applied by financial accountants to make it look good to the external users makes it less reliable for managerial decision making. Just as TMA was developed and introduced as a recipe for the shortcomings of the traditional cost accounting textbooks, SMA has, arguably, been launched by the accounting scholars as the new state of the art discipline. It has been claimed that the development of the field of SMA would render the old fashioned TMA extinct as the newer version focuses not only on the internal financial information, but also upon the external aspects of the business operations (Smi th 2005).Simmonds (1981), who is credited with phrasing SMA, differentiates it from TMA on the basis of its greater focus on the comparison of the business with its competitors. Bromwich, (1990) contends that SMA enables the management to have a bird’s eye view of the competitors’ procedure and business techniques business and to take decisions accordingly. In this way a major hallmark of SMA is its inclusion of non-financial aspects for the purpose of decision making. Lords (1996) identifies the following functions which are commonly associated with SMA: 1.Collecting information related to the competitors. 2. Using accounting for strategic decisions. 3. Cutting costs on the basis of strategic decisions. 4. And, gaining competitive advantage through it. Wilson and Chua (1993) tabulate ten key differences between MA and SMA as following: | Traditional MA| Strategic MA| 1| Historical| Prospective| 2| Single entity| Relative| 3| Introspective| Out-ward looking| 4| Manufac turing focus| Competitive focus| 5| Existing activities| Possibilities| 6| Reactive| Proactive| | Programmed| Un-programmed| 8| Data orientation| Information oriented| 9| Based on existing systems| Unconstrained by existing systems| 10| Built on conventions| Ignores conventions| Critics have regularly complained that TMA focuses too much on internal business functions of accounting in order to meet the requirements of the internal managers. Some argues that while special attention is given to the internal affairs of the business sight is lost of the external opportunities and potential business threats.The underlying assumption of this discipline is that it improves upon the traditional management accounting by enlarging its scope and realigning it more tightly with other disciplines such as strategy and marketing. Some of the analytical tools which were developed in the fields of strategy and marketing, which are now considered an essential part of SMA toolbox, are: Attribute Costi ng: In this costing system the attributes of a product are emphasised, including the products features, certain purchase agreements, or after-sale services.The information inspected, however, has to be relevant to current or future competitors. Competitor Cost Assessment: Taking advantage of the increasing trend of readily accessing available information, the competitors’ costs (production, labour, raw materials) are keenly analysed. Bromwich (1990) stresses the need for studying competitor’s costs as understanding them helps in managing a business’s own costs. Competitor Appraisal Based on Financial Statements: It is another effective oncept as it permits comparison and benchmarking, information contained in financial statements can be strategically used with the help of ratio analysis. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC): The BSC was proposed by Kaplan and Norton (1992) in which financial and non-financial measures were integrated for strategic performance management purpose. It aimed to create a balance by linking vision and strategy of the business with multi-dimensional perspective of customers, internal business processes, learning and growth, and financial position.Strategic Costing: A further concept of relevance as costs are broken down to measure them for strategic relevance, such as matching the amount competitors spend on areas such as marketing and pricing. Valuing Customers as Assets: It is a concept that illustrates the importance of a customer or particular group of customers, Guilding and McManus (2002) state that it can be assessed through a method where the present values of estimated profits are discounted from the trading correlation of particular customers.Value Chain Costing: The technique has been developed from value chain analysis proposed by Porter (1985) for gaining competitive advantage. In this analysis all value-creating activities related to the development of a product or service is linked in the form of a chain. Those activities which are vital for adding value are given more importance. Activity Based Costing (ABC): The ABC is a costing system in which manufacturing overhead costs are assigning to products through a cogent approach, as opposed to allocating the costs on the basis of a predetermined rate.It initially assigns costs to an activity that is directly linked to overheads; and subsequently assigns the costs to those products that require the production activities. Disadvantages of Strategic Management Accounting Some argue that Management accountants do not have a set of policies and procedures to follow, as financial accountants follow accounting procedures and principles outlined by IFRS committee or GAAP. Strategic accountants form their own standards and therefore information cannot be compared from company to company as in financial accounting.Another form of criticism is that strategic accountants focus mainly on quantitative information, and quantitative information obtaine d are very rational. The drawback with focusing mainly at rational information is that other relevant and crucial information may be ignored. For example, they might determine a new office should be built at a specific location because wage and taxes are lower; however they might have failed to look at the bigger picture by only focusing on quantitative information.Since there is no standard procedure or principle to follow, strategic accountants add their own personal beliefs and feelings into making decisions. Free of bias is next to impossible but even if there is one, requires individuals that can focus on the entire job at hand and take all factors into consideration. Expensive Conclusion: Strategic Management Accounting involves major decisions, business choices, and actions of organisation by using both financial and non-financial information with a greater focus on the comparison of the business with its competitors.Implementation of SMA tools provides a sustainable competit ive advantage for the company to build a stable economic position within the industry. TMA focuses too much on internal business functions and that result in lost of the external opportunities and potential business threats. Despite the disadvantages mentioned above, it can be concluded that SMA improves upon the traditional management accounting by enlarging its scope with other disciplines such as strategy and marketing. Bibliography: 1. Baines, A. And Langfield-Smith, K. 2003), ‘Antecedents to management accounting change: a structural equation approach’. Accounting Organizations and Society, 28 (7-8). 2. Burgstahler, D. , Horngren, C. T. , Schatzberg, J. , Stratton, W. O. And Sundem, G. L. (2007), Introduction to management accounting, 14th ed. , Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 3. Smith, M (2005), Performance measurement and management: a strategic approach to management accounting, SAGE, London. 4. Simmonds K, (1981), ‘Strategic Management Acco unting’, Management Accounting, 59(4), 26-29. 5. Bromwich, M. (1990).The case for strategic management accounting: The role of accounting information for strategy in competitive markets. Accounting, Organisation and Society. 15 (1-2), 27-46. 6. Lord, R. (1996). Strategic Management Accounting: The Emperor’s New Clothes? , Management Accounting Research, 7 (3). 7. Wilson, R. M. S. And Chua, W. F. (1993) Managerial accounting : method and meaning/Richard M. S. Wilson, Wai Fong Chua ;series edited by Richard M. S Wilson Chapman &Hall, London ; New York: 8. Kaplan, R and Norton, D (2002). The balanced scorecard. USA: Harvard Business Press. 92-225. 9. Guilding, C. , and McManus, L. , (2002), The Incidence, perceived merit and antecedents of customer accounting: an exploratory note, Accounting, Organization and Society, 27, 45-59. 10. Ehow. The disadvantages of strategic management accounting http://www. ehow. com/list_6793416_disadvantages-strategic-management-accounting. html 11. Robin Roslender, Susan J. Hart, (2006) â€Å"Interfunctional cooperation in progressing accounting for brands: The case for brand management accounting†, Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, Vol. 2 Iss: 3, pp. 229 – 247

Focusing Through Scattering Media With High Speed Characterization Engineering Essay

The formation of a focal point through a randomly dispersed dispersing medium proves to be hard because the incident light wave front is quickly destroyed inside this medium by multiple sprinkling. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . The chief purpose of this undertaking is to optimise the wave front utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulator ( LC-SLM ) and deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with high exchanging velocity. There are three chief grounds. First, driven by the demand of modern non-invasive optical imagination, which is still a great challenge to modern scientific discipline and engineering, the ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue ( J. Aulbach et Al, 2011 ) . Second, the information about the initial wave front, though extremely scrambled, is non lost in the scattering field but can be retrieved by undoing the dispersing procedure by propagating through the turbid medium itself. Third, in order to enable dramatic betterments in imaging deepness and contrast, fast rate commanding wave front is necessary to get the better of the spot decorrelation times of populating biological stuffs. Our long term end is to find how fast we can optimise wave front with iterative techniques in order to acquire a better biological image with deep deepness. We try to carry through this possibility through the undermentioned aims: ( I ) Use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners and utilize the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province. ( two ) To seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude comp uter-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. We propose to utilize a assortment of stuffs of natural beginning like Rutile TiO2 and Chicken eggshell to verify the cosmopolitan pertinence of inversion of wave diffusion. The rational virtue of the proposed activity: This undertaking connects country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it provides a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. The broader impacts ensuing from the proposed activity: This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.Undertaking NARRATIVE/DESCRIPTIONI. Introduction or Specific Purposes:1 ) Motivation:Acquire clear and better image of high declaration by concentrating through dispersing media.2 ) Hypothesis:Word picture of high-scattering medium may be achieved by commanding wavefront transition via high exchanging rates modulator.3 ) Specific Aims:a ) Optimize the incident light wave front with Spatial Light Modulator ( SLM ) to concentrate an image through cloudy medium. Divide the incident visible radiation by iterative methods on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners. Use the estimated transmittal matrix to foretell the SLM input province that will optimise an end product province and step the strength of the visible radiation. B ) To seek a fast stage mask optimisation technique utilizing deformable mirror device ( DMD ) to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological tissues. Use off-axis holography implemented on a DMD with an optical strength detector like CCD camera supplying control feedback. Measure the exchanging velocity to obtain a high velocity word picture of dispersing media.4 ) Significance:This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination.II. Background and Preliminary Surveies:Random sprinkling of light makes some stuffs like milk and biological tissues opaque. Repeated sprinkling and intervention in these stuffs distort the incident light wave fronts so strongly that all spacial coherency is lost ( 4 ) . Aberrances and random dispersing badly limit optical imagination in deep tissue. A figure of research groups have demonstrated optical focussing through dispersing media. Controling light extension through dispersing media is of cardinal involvement in optics and critical for applications in biomedical imagination and stuffs review ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) . There is an increasing involvement in wavefront control techniques fo r concentrating through cloudy media ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2008 ) . These methods chiefly depend on the deterministic nature of multiple dispersing to determine the incident wave front and pre-compensate for the scattering effects of light extension. Many researches use iterative methods that divide the incident visible radiation on a scattering sample into N spacial input manners ( M. Cui et Al, 2011 ) with a end of optimising strength at a point on the opposite side of the medium. An optical strength detector like CCD camera provides control feedback. Other iterative techniques optimize the input manners in analogue, therefore increasing the velocity at which the focal point is formed ( S. Popoff et Al, 2010 ) . Besides, there are some other techniques that measure the transmittal matrix through the scattering stuff ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2007 ) . In transmittal matrix optimisation the relationship between optical input and end product manners of the system is estimated from the e nsemble of N spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) input provinces and N matching end product provinces. Using that relationship one can optimise focal point at any point in the mensural field. Optical or digital stage junction has besides been used to enter the scattered field and return a focussing beam through the turbid media ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . The ability of concentrating visible radiation through extremely dispersing media can enable betterments in biological microscopy in biological tissue. Light dispersing limits the imaging deepness into biological stuffs, and it could be compensated via wave front control. However, populating biological stuffs have speckle decorrelation times on the msec timescale ( M. Cui et Al, 2007 ) . This fast rate of alteration is a large job for current methods of concentrating through turbid media because of exchanging rate restrictions imposed by the wavefront transition device. Recently many researches implement phase-only wavefront transition utilizing liquid crystal spacial visible radiation modulators ( LC-SLM ) ( I. M. Vellekoop et Al, 2007 ) , which is more efficient for making a focal point than amplitude lone transition ( I. Vellekoop et Al, 2010 ) . But the LC-SLMs shift velocity is limited by the rate at which the liquid crystals can aline in the device. Therefore, new high-speed techniques for optimising stage masks are required to implement concentrating through biological samples. We want to seek a new high-velocity stage mask optimisation technique, which utilizes off-axis binary-amplitude computer-generated holography implemented on a deformable mirror device ( DMD ) ( D. Dudley et Al, 2003 ) and demonstrate wave front finding about one order of magnitude faster than the anterior province of the art. Furthermore, the transportation matrix attack provides a general and thorough word picture of the dispersing medium that non merely allows for the focussing on a given point in infinite but besides enables the finding of wave fronts for other optical processing applications ( G. Lerosey et Al, 2008 ) . The deformable mirror device ( Figure 1. a ) is a critical constituent of an adaptative ocular system. It is used to use the rectification to the distorted wave front. In current systems the deformable mirror device is the most expens ive constituent. Recent technological progresss have presented alternate engineerings for deformable mirror devices. Three engineerings: liquid crystals, stacked piezoelectrics, and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems. The MEMS shows peculiar promise. MicroElectroMechanical Systems ( MEMS ) deformable mirrors are presently the most widely used engineering in wavefront defining applications given their versatility, adulthood of engineering, and the high-resolution wave front rectification that they afford. Using advanced, cheap fabrication engineering, the public presentation strengths of MEMS DMs are built-in to micromachining: a ) Thousands of Actuators: big actuator arrays allow for high-resolution wave front rectification. B ) Sophisticated Surface Control: advanced microstructures minimize the influence between neighbouring actuators, allowing high frequence forms on the mirror surface and doing high order rectification possible. degree Celsius ) High Speed: optimized design enable s rapid wave front determining for high-velocity applications. After optimized by deformable mirrors device ( Figure 1. B ) , we want to utilize wavefront detector to mensurate the strength sweetening of the focal point and so give feedback to the computing machine to command the wavefront transition. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system ( Figure 1. degree Celsius ) . Adaptive optics systems comprise three chief elements: a ) Wavefront detector: measures the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. B ) Deformable mirror: adjusts its place to rectify for the aberrance. degree Celsius ) Control system: receives measurings from the detector and calculates the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.III. Experiment Approach:1 ) Using Python linguistic communication to command the CCD ( Charge-coupled Device ) camera and get the dynamic image of an object with demoing the strength of the visible radiation. Experimental design and principle. We will utilize Pike F-032B/C camera which is fixed on experiment tabular array to acquire the images after concentrating by certain focal lens. The Pike F-032B/C is a really fast VGA camera with premium image quality and a fast FireWire 1394b interface that can be connected with the computing machine easy. It is equipped with a Kodak KAI-0340 CCD detector. At full declaration, it runs 208 Federal Protective Service. Higher frame rates can be reached by a smaller AOI ( Automatic Optic Inspection ) , binning ( b/w ) , or sub-sampling. Programing in Python linguistic communication will command the camera to put up the exposure clip, take image and besides save the images as a certain file. The image that we take is 8-bit with a colour scope from 0 to 255 which means that ruddy is of high strength while bluish is of low strength. We will utilize python to change over it into 16-bit which is of high quality than former one. Besides, we will make an interface window for the user to command the camera comfortably ( see figure1 ( degree Celsius ) ) . 2 ) Use SLM ( Spatial Light Modulator ) to steer and concentrate visible radiation through dispersing stuffs by spatially determining the wave front of the incident optical maser beam. Experiment apparatus and design. A elaborate schematic of the experiment is shown in Figure1 ( a ) . A polarized optical maser beam with a wavelength of 488 nanometer is expanded by a factor of 9 utilizing the spacial filter formed by L1, L2 and projected onto the spacial visible radiation modulator ( SLM ) with an extra 2x magnification. The strength of the optical maser is reduced by a impersonal denseness filter and mulct adjusted utilizing a combination of a rotatable half moving ridge home base ( HWP ) and a polarizer ( PBS1 ) . The beam is shaped spatially utilizing a brooding phase-only SLM. The pels of the SLM are grouped into 50A-50 square sections. The SLM is connected to the digital picture interface ( DVI ) end product of a picture artworks card in the Personal computer. The search tabular array in the SLM hardware was configured so that grey values of 0-255 correspond to phase holds of 0 ~ ( 255/128 ) Iˆ severally. The computing machine sets the stage for each of the sections. The SLM and all other hardware are controlled by usage ActiveX constituents written in C linguistic communication. Hardware acceleration is used to accomplish existent clip ( 60 frames per second ) public presentation. The constituents were ‘wired together ‘ in the scripting linguistic communication Python to command different experiments. A lens and a 10x microscope nonsubjective image the surface of the SLM onto the surface of the pupa. The front surface is in the focal plane of microscope nonsubjective O1. The back surface of the pupa is imaged onto a CCD camera utilizing nonsubjective O2 and lens L6. We defined a mark country on the camera, matching to a circle with a diameter of 0.5 I?m on the sample surface. The computing machine plan integrates the camera strength over this mark country to supply a feedback signal for the algorithm. The moving ridge is optimized continuously and the breakdown algorithm dynamically follows alterations in the spot form. How good the alterations can be followed is quantified by the ratio of the continuity clip of the spot Tp to the clip needed for a individual loop of the algorithm Ti. The theoretically accomplishable sweetening for this algorithm peers I ·= 0.5Tp/Ti, when the figure of modulator sections N is big plenty ( N & gt ; & gt ; Tp/Ti ) . 3 ) Use a phase-control holographic technique via deformable mirror device ( DMD ) that can be updated at high informations rates enabling high velocity wave front measurings to qualify dispersing media with the intent of concentrating visible radiation through it. Experiment apparatus and design. A collimated and expanded 532 nanometers laser illuminates the DMD, which consists of an array of 1024Ãâ€"768 mirrors, as shown in Figure1 ( B ) . We use N = 256 or 1024 inputs to a individual end product manners defined by the photodetector. To implement the transmittal matrix measuring method with the DMD we generate 768 binary amplitude holographs for N = 256, or 3072 holographs for N = 1024. The experimental diffraction efficiency of the holograph with the DMD was 6-10 % of the incident power. All holographs are loaded onto the DMD memory, which in concurrence with high-velocity package, allows for DMD control at maximal frame rate. A Fourier transforming lens is placed one focal length off from the DMD. An flag placed after this lens in the Fourier plane blocks all diffraction orders, except for the 1st diffraction order, where the stage mask information is encoded. The 1st order visible radiation is so propagated through another Fourier transforming lens, which images the stage mask at the back aperture of a 20X ( NA = 0.5 ) aim lens that focuses the beam onto the scattering sample. A 100X ( NA = 0.75 ) aim images a plane ~1 millimeter behind the dispersing sample onto a 50 I?m pinhole placed before a photodetector. The back aim and the pinhole size are selected to fit the pinhole to the speckle size of the visible radiation scattered by the sample. The photodetector electromotive force is digitized and sent to the computing machine, where it is used to cipher the transmittal matrix through the dispersing stuff to the individual end product manner. A Python plan controls all system calculation and synchronism. By utilizing a photodetector the strength measuring is oversampled in clip and an mean value is used for the strength step to filtrate noise. A non-polarizing beamsplitter placed after the tubing lens and before the pinhole creates a 2nd image plane on a CCD array for imaging the focal point topographic point. We try to utilize the adaptative optics system to carry through this aim. Wavefront detector will mensurate the stage aberrance in the optical wave front. Deformable mirror can set its place to rectify for the aberrance. And the control system will have measurings from the detector and cipher the disciplinary motion of the deformable mirror.IV. Expected Results and Broader Impact:1 ) Expected Consequences:We expect that precise control of diffuse visible radiation can be possible utilizing an optimum, noiterative algorithm and that visible radiation can be directed through opaque objects to organize one or multiple focal point. Besides, reverse wave diffusion can hold applications in imagination and light bringing in dispersing media, perchance including metal nano-structures. We expect that high velocity wavefront optimisation for concentrating through turbid media utilizing a DMD with off-axis binary amplitude holography for stage control and the transmittal matrix method adapted t o the undertaking. With this attack we demonstrated an order of magnitude betterment in measurement velocity over the current fastest wavefront finding method ( I. M. Cui et al,2010 ) and three orders of magnitude betterment over LC-SLM methods ( I. M. Vellekoop et al,2007 ) . This undertaking will besides plan user interface package designed in python linguistic communication, allowing it to be more convenient to detect biological tissues.2 ) Broader Impact:This undertaking can link country of the optical imagination and biological tissues. And it can supply a tract for get the better ofing the repeated sprinkling and intervention jobs, doing it possible to concentrate through cloudy media and enable an betterment in biological imagination. This undertaking will progress the basic techniques to fast control incident light wave front and acquire better biological image with deep deepness and contrast. This method should hold plenty velocity to get the better of the fast spot decorrelation times of biological samples and bring forth plenty concentrating power for a assortment of biomedical detection and imagination applications.Table 1. Conjectural Measured Intensity Enhancement for Different MaterialsSampleL ( um )NitrogenRutile TiO2 Chicken eggshellaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Figure CaptionFigure 1. a ) The large-scale deformable mirror uses MEMS-like constituents. The electrically-grounded spring bed is deformed by electrostatic attractive force to electrodes on the base bed. Its gesture is translated to the mirror through a set of stations. B ) A deformable mirror can be used to rectify wavefront mistakes. degree Celsius ) A conventional diagram of the adaptative optics system with each of these elements. Figure2 ( a ) Detailed schematic of the wave front determining setup. Figure2 ( B ) Mirror cells of DMD. Figure2 ( degree Celsius ) Python designed user interface. Figure1 ( vitamin D ) Apparatus for concentrating through dispersing media. Figure 1 Basic Construction of Deformable Mirror Device and Adaptive Optics System Figure 2 The schematic of the wave front determining setup and apparatusMentions CITEDJournal of the Optical Society of America, 2011 ISI Impact Factor: 2.185 1. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Concentrating coherent visible radiation through opaque strongly dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 32 ( 16 ) , 2309-2311 ( 2007 ) . 2. I. M. Vellekoop, A. Lagendijk, and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Exploiting upset for perfect focussing, † Nat. Photonics 4 ( 5 ) , 320-322 ( 2010 ) . 3. J. Aulbach, B. Gjonaj, P. M. Johnson, A. P. Mosk, and A. Lagendijk, â€Å" Control of light transmittal through opaque dispersing media in infinite and clip, † Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 ( 10 ) , 103901 ( 2011 ) . 4. P. Sebbah, ed. , Waves and Imaging through Complex Media ( Kluwer, 2001 ) . 5. I. M. Vellekoop and A. P. Mosk, â€Å" Phase control algorithms for concentrating visible radiation through cloudy media, † Opt. Commun. 281 ( 11 ) , 3071-3080 ( 2008 ) . 6. M. Cui, â€Å" Parallel wavefront optimisation method for concentrating visible radiation through random dispersing media, † Opt. Lett. 36 ( 6 ) , 870-872 ( 2011 ) . 7. S. Popoff, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, A. C. Boccara, and S. Gigan, â€Å" Image transmittal through an opaque stuff, † Nat Commun 1 ( 6 ) , 81 ( 2010 ) . 8. G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink, â€Å" Concentrating beyond the diffraction bound with far-field clip reversal, † Science 315 ( 5815 ) , 1120-1122 ( 2007 ) . 9. I. Vellekoop and C. Aegerter, â€Å" Concentrating visible radiation through life tissue, † San Francisco, California, USA, SPIE 7554, 755430 ( 2010 ) . 10. M. Cui and C. Yang, â€Å" Execution of a digital optical stage junction system and its application to analyze the hardiness of turbidness suppression by stage junction, † Opt. Express 18 ( 4 ) , 3444-3455 ( 2010 ) . 11. D. Dudley, W. Duncan, and J. Slaughter, â€Å" Emerging digital micromirror device ( DMD ) applications, † Proc. SPIE 4985, 14-25 ( 2003 ) .Budget and JustificationSUMMARY PROPOSAL BUDGETaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆFOR NSF USE ONLY ORGANIZATION University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc PROPOSAL NO. DURATION ( months ) Proposed PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR/ PROJECT DIRECTOR Peter Kner AWARD NO.aˆˆA. Senior Forces: PI/PD, CO-PI ‘S, Faculty and Other Senior Associates ( List each individually with rubric, A.7. show figure in brackets ) NSF Funded person-months Fundss Requested by suggester CAL ACAD SUMR 1. Peter Kner – Pi 1.00 0.00 0.00 8,941 2.aˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ3. 4. 5. 6. ( 0 ) OTHERS ( LIST INDIVIDUALLY ON BUDGET JUSITIFICATION PAGE ) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7. ( 1 ) TOTAL SENIOR PERSONNEL ( 1-6 ) 1.00 0.00 0.00 B. OTHER PERSONNEL ( SHOW NUMBERS IN BRACKETS ) 1. ( 0 ) POST DOCTORAL SCHOLARS 2. ( 0 ) OTHER PROFESSIONALS ( TEHCNICIAN ) 3. ( 1 ) Alumnus Students 4. ( 0 ) UNDERGRAUDATE Students 5. ( 0 ) SECRETARIAL – CLERICAL ( IF CHARGED DIRECTLY )aˆˆ6. ( 0 ) OTHERSaˆˆEntire SALARIES AND WAGES ( A + B ) 27,433 C. FRINGE BENEFITS ( IF CHARGED AS DIRECT COSTS ) 2,200 Entire SALARIES, WAGES AND FRINGE BENEFITS ( A + B + C ) 29,633 D. EQUIPEMNT ( LIST ITEM AND DOLLAR AMOUNT FOR EACH ITEM EXCEEDING $ 5,000. )aˆˆSLM 20,000 aˆˆ DMD 30,000 Entire EQUIPMENTaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆ50,000 E. TRAVEL 1. DOMENSTIC ( INCL. CANADA, MEXICO AND U.S. POSSESSIONS ) 2,000 2. FOREIGN 0 F. PARTICIPANT SUPPORT COSTSaˆˆ1. STIPENDS$0aˆˆ2. Travel 0aˆˆ3.SUBSISTENCE 0aˆˆ4. OTHERaˆˆ0aˆˆEntire NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS ( 0 ) Sum PARICIPANT COSTS 0 G. OTHER DIRECT COSTSaˆˆ1. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 17,600 2. PUBLICATION COSTS/ DOCUMENTATION/ DISSEMINATIONaˆˆ3. CONSULTANT SERVICESaˆˆ4. Computer SERVIESaˆˆ5. SUBAWARDSaˆˆ6. OTHERaˆˆTOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS 17,600 H. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS ( A THROUGH G ) 49,233 I. Indirect COSTS ( F & A ; A ) ( SPECIFY RATE AND BASE )aˆˆEntire INDIRECT COSTS ( F & A ; A ) 0 J. TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT COSTS ( H + I ) 49,233 K. RESIDUAL FUNDS 0 L. AMOUNT OF THIS REQUEST ( J ) OR ( J MINUS K ) 49,233 M. COST SHARING PROPOSED LEVEL $ 0 AGREED LEVEL IF DIFFERENT $ PI/PD NAME FOR NSF USE ONLY Peter Kner Indirect COST RATE VERIFICATION ORG. REP. NAME Date Checked Date of Rate SheetaˆˆaˆˆaˆˆBudget JustificationA.1.Dr. Peter Kner, Director, will work one person-months on the undertaking at an hourly rate of $ 51.58/hr.1 months * 173.33hrs/month * $ 51.58/hr = $ 8,941B.3.Two other forces will work on the undertaking.2 Alumnus Students1person*12 months * $ 1541/month = $ 18,492C. Fringe Benefits8 % TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES ( A+B ) is used to cover periphery benefits.$ 1,700 for medical benefits$ 500 for alveolar consonant and visionD.1.Spatial visible radiation modulator $ 20,000Deformable mirror device $ 30,000E.1.Travel and Communication $ 2,000G.1. Materials and SuppliesMaterials/Supplies Cost/unit Units CostChemical Samples $ 120/unit 100units $ 12000.00Electronicss $ 200/unit 3 units $ 600.00Turbid media $ 500/unit 10 units $ 5000.00$ 17,600.00

Porgy and Bess Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Porgy and Bess - Term Paper Example In this sense, because opera brings together most or all forms of art, it has been said to be a blend of all the arts. Other aids used in the performance of operas are costume design, constructed and painted sets and lighting. Props in the form of arts or objects are also used in many operas GERSHWIN, & WIMMER, (1999). There are two genres of opera are grand opera and comic opera. Grand opera grew out of the seria tradition of the Italian dramatic stage. This seria later evolved to become the Italian dramatic opera of the 18th Century. In grand opera, most of the text is set to music. It is usually a serious, tragic kind of opera. Opera Seria is usually based on a classical subject and is distinguished from the other form of opera by its far-reaching use of aria da capo and the recitative. The other form of opera is comic opera. Comic opera consists of spoken dialogue, a humorous plot and typically has a happy ending. It is a diverting kind of opera or operetta. Opera comique or oper a bouffe are other names for this kind of opera. These two categories are used to differentiate most of the operas written before the 20th Century. Operas written today can be said to be written free style. This is because they are often written in whichever style the composer sees as appropriate. They, however, contain many of the elements of their predecessors. Opera in America has been performed since the 1700s. Opera houses have been in cities such as New Orleans, New York, San Franscisco and Boston since the 1800s. As Broadway evolved in the early 1900s, opera composers started to integrate elements of musical theater into their works, therefore, blurring the lines between opera and Broadway. George Gershwin was born in 1898. He started working with his lyricist brother, Ira, as a songwriter. They composed such songs as "Our Love Is Here ToStay" and â€Å"They Can’t Take That Away From Me.† The Gershwins found their musical home on Broadway. Their best-known work, Porgy and Bess, has continued to be one of the frequently performed opera productions in American. Porgy and Bess is full of elements from spiritual songs, jazz and work songs that are incorporated alongside traditional operatic recitatives and aria. Scott Joplin was a well-known composer of jazz music and ragtime. He also wrote opera.Treemonisha was his maing composition. It incoporates ragtima and jazz influences and also contains several traditional opera elements. Gian Carlo Menotti was one of the most prolific opera composers of the 20th Century who aimed at bringing opera to the different media outlets. His first work written for radio was The Old Maid and the Thief. His Christmas classic, Ahmal and the Night Visitors, was composed for NBC-TV, where it premiered in 1951. Several of his operas, including The Medium, The Consul and The Telephone, have been performed on Broadway. Menoti also created the Spoleto Festival that takes place in Italy and in Charleston, South Carolina every year. Kurt Weill was a German-born immigrant. He was one of the most versatile composers of the 20th century’s. Kurt Weill created unique works which had jazz influences. Many of these works also contained dance elements. While maintaining his own original style in his compositions, Weill experienced great success both in Europe and on Broadway as an opera composer. He is most popularly known for Street Scene which was an adaptation of Elmer Rices's novel about life in New York City. It played in Broadway for

Marketing strategy and planning coursework Essay

Marketing strategy and planning coursework - Essay Example Barclaycard has been a success story of a creative media campaign saustained by a system of persistent vaslue creation. Branding is a strategic approach adopted by organizations to create favorable perceptions about products among consumers. Barclaycard too adopted such an approach with a series of products including its debit card and the credit card. However its subsequent success with the credit card came with the innovative brand value creating efforts of t of brand value management. Some hitherto unheard of concepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and redefine its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation along with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in response to competitors’ threat to its core business. It was around this time that the management of the company realized the relative significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. Coupled with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money and an individual value parmeter as the new dynamic concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign.

Virtual lab 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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How should Scotland vote Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Management of Business System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Philosophy Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Customer Service Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Turning Point Of My Life Essay Example for Free

Turning Point Of My Life Essay The engines of the 747 jumbo passenger jet roared loudly in my ears with a resonance that said â€Å"There’s no turning back.†Ã‚   I tried to ignore this humming, chanting, vibrating message shaking my legs and rocking my spine.   I fumbled with the cool, silver metal of my seatbelt buckle and checked one more time that I was really locked in.   I felt the aircraft rolling left, then taxiing right, and I tried as best I could to believe it knew the best way to go.    I took Sonia’s slender hand in my own clammy palm without ever looking up.   In my mind I saw the historic monuments and pastoral countryside of France sweeping past, out of view, though I knew I was still safely on the runway.   I saw my mother and father, my lifelong friends.   And then my back pushed hard against the seat as the engines raged into a frenzy and the wheels of the airplane lost contact with the ground.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a small child in France I used to play with my best friend XXXX in the schoolyard.   We were equipped with arsenals of toy cars and trunks, ships and robots.   I always loved the airplanes best; I remember holding them as high as I could against the backdrop of the blue sky, my point of view convincing me I was among the clouds, thousands of feet above our little playground.   I would climb to the top of the slide and continue my flight, achieving the most spectacular heights with which no boy, anywhere, could compete.   I imagined flying away to parts of the world I didn’t yet have names for, exploring mountain peaks and silty ocean bottoms.   I ventured alone into the furthest reaches of the globe, a fearless pilot explorer.   As I sat now in the belly of a real life airplane, soaring off to meet my destiny, I hoped I was as brave now as I was back then.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They told me lots of things about Washington, D.C.   They told me to be careful as the crime rate was high and I didn’t want to get shot.   They told me the Washington Monument was a sight to behold.   They told me Washington was where political deals are made that affect the entire planet.   They told me D.C. was the land of opportunity.   I couldn’t wait to get there and find out who was right and who was wrong.   I wondered how the Promised Land would compare with France, the only land I’d ever called home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I knew Sonia was excited.   We were like twins, she and I.   Same small home town, same field of study, same destination.   She displayed the kind of adventuresome free spirit I did as a little boy, and I admired her for it.   We were both giddy to move into our cozy new apartment together and finally begin a life together, on our own to make it or break it.   We were all starry eyes and heads full of possibility as we hurtled over the ocean toward the land they called America.   We grasped each others hands tighter as we told bad jokes and laughed nervous laughs about what awaited us when the wheels of our aircraft touched the ground.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Back in France, my brother Georges and I loved watching sports together on the weekends.   We’d argue over our favorite teams and cheer on the local favorites over lots of food and drinks.   We’d been close growing up and I knew I’d miss those weekend bonding sessions.   I wondered when and if Georges would get the chance to come to the States to see his brother, a big time Business major in Washington.    And what about mom and dad?   I knew they were at once sad and overjoyed that their little boy was rushing off to make something of himself, and I wondered which emotion won out.   I hoped, for their sake and mine, that they were happy in the knowledge that I was growing up alright.   As Sonia quietly sipped a complimentary diet soda, I could see in her eyes that she was having the same wistful thoughts of home.   I told her it was all going to be ok and that, hey, we would practically be neighbors with George W. Bush.   We both had a good laugh at that one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I alternated between watching the second hand on my watch tick off the time and staring out over the billowing clouds below, I daydreamed of the future.   I saw our cozy apartment, furnished with a nice sofa and chairs, a television, and our very own bowls, plates, cups, and silverware.    I imagined us under a blanket on a frosty D.C. night, watching American sitcoms and eating take-out.   I saw us working feverishly behind computers and in libraries, expanding our minds and moving closer toward our goals.   We would hang out with our new American friends in American bars and drink American beer.   We would go see American rock concerts and joke about how Americans think we French folks are rude.   Maybe one day we’d get a dog or a cat.   The possibilities seemed fascinating and endless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the plane made its final descent, my heart was in my throat.   â€Å"This is it,† the engines of the plane said.   Once again I checked my safety belt to make sure I was fastened in.   Though I loved to fly, the landing was always my favorite.   I loved seeing the expanse of a new city, laid out in miniature before my eyes.   I loved to watch as the tiny model world with me floating above it became the looming, real world with me in the middle.   Sonia and I smiled oversized, childlike smiles at each other as the wheels of the jet rubbed against the concrete landing strip, sending small puffs of up smoke into the air.   We bobbled and bumped along the jet way as the passengers stretched and gossiped amongst themselves until, finally, the plane came to a stop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sonia and I departed the plane, hand in hand, and breathed in the air of our new home.   The airport seemed to heave in and out with the swarms of people moving through it.   Momentarily, all thoughts of home, my childhood, and my future departed as I became intoxicated with the overwhelming here and now.   We stopped briefly for a greasy airport hamburger before hustling to collect our baggage and hail our first American cab to take us home.   Anxious, Sonia did a little dance next to her bags as I waited for the cabby to load our things into his bright yellow vehicle.   We closed the cab doors behind us with a bang and were on our way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sonia and I have been enjoying our new life in the States.   We finally got our things unpacked and situated in our cozy new apartment.   We do all of the things I’d imagined on that airplane, and then some.   In some ways life in a new country is like life on another planet, and Sonia and I enjoyed playing the extraterrestrials.   Each day at a shopping mall and each night at a club or a theater was a new adventure.   We were in uncharted territory and we wanted to map as much ground as we possibly could, drinking in the ups and downs of our newfound culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course, we became engrossed in our studies.   Though we are early on in our American education, I can sense the small milestones as we work our way along toward that fateful graduation day.   Until then, we enjoy our classmates and our professors and try to do the best we can with what we have.   We’re very lucky to be here, as so many people in the world never see the land beyond their hometown.   We’ve seen the lands beyond and the waters in between.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for my friends back home, I keep up with them via email and telephone.   I wonder how people must have gotten by without the wonders of the Internet.   I e-mail photos back home of Sonia and me at various landmarks and field questions about what it’s like living in Washington.   Of course, I inquire as to how my old pals are doing and try to keep up on the latest local gossip from home.   A couple of my friends have promised to come and visit, and I certainly hope they do.   Experiences like this are so much better when you can share them with people who really know you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And then there’s Georges.   We keep in touch the same way, and I keep him up to speed on American sports while he fills me in on French sports.   I’m trying to get him excited about American football, but I don’t know that I’m succeeding.   Sometimes we talk on the phone on during weekend sporting events and for awhile it is almost like we’re back home again, together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sonia and I are discovering what it’s like to live together as a couple.   We bicker about small and unimportant details like an old married couple, but we enjoy it and we’re enjoying our time together.   We’re beginning to learn what it’s like having to give in to each other’s wants and needs in order to keep each other happy.   We talk about the future, about next year, about what happens after graduation.   We enjoy making plans but are careful to also enjoy the present.   Someday when I’m an important business executive, I’ll look back at my time in college as the best time of my life.   I want to live life and remember as much of it as I can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Of course I miss my family, my friends and my France.   Some things here will just never compare – I think most people feel that way about home.   Restaurants will never compare to my mother’s cooking and even my best American friends won’t remember the time I fell down on the playground and skinned my knee.   My time away from everybody has made me appreciate them all more and I look forward to the times when we get to talk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes I think back to that time in the plane on the French runway.   I think about my sweaty palms and the roar of the engine and the tight seatbelt.   I think about my uncertainty towards leaving my home country, and I think about how well we’re adjusting so far.   I feel the same way when I think about my life and what my future holds – I hear the roaring jet engines telling me â€Å"This is it.†Ã‚   I guess all one can do is try their best and keep moving forward.   Stepping onto that airplane is the hardest part.   After that all you can do is sit back and enjoy the ride.

Particular social system Essay Example for Free

Particular social system Essay Ethics is the discipline that deals with the good and the bad as well as with the moral duty and responsibility of an individual. It can also be defined as the study of the choices made by individuals as regards right and wrong (Marie, 2005). Ethics is mainly concerned with the philosophy that results in a particular behavior. Ethics are of different types, and they differ in terms of their application in different contexts. Ethics state the working of a particular social system. They point towards the utilization of morality. At birth, as indicated by Be The Dream (2009), everyone is practically a blank slate. The period of infancy is characterized by total emptiness. The only skill an infant is equipped with is crying in order to attract the attention of the other people. Infants are contented with just lying watching the world revolve around them until they need something. However, as life progresses, individuals develop values in accordance with what they have previously learned or gone through (Be The Dream, 2009). The main intent of developing ethics is to set up the capacity to come up with rational judgment and ethical decisions. The whole process of personal ethics development is continuous and goes on through out life (Marie, 2005). Personal ethics, morals and values go hand in hand. Values are beneficial aspects learned from childhood, either as a result of interaction with the environment or from parents. Morals are the inherent beliefs that develop from the values system of the way an individual should react in a particular situation (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Ethics, on the other hand, are characterized by an individual’s reaction to difficult situations. Ethics play a major role of testing the morals of an individual. Personal ethics are instilled by the culture, environment as well as the background in which an individual is brought up (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Family values in addition to traditional values are very important in the upbringing of a child. These values play a major role in assisting an individual develop personal ethics at a very tender age. Various personal ethics include: honesty, loyalty, punctuality, open-mindedness, self respect as well as respect for others and fairness (Marie, 2005). Hatcher (2007) states that the expression of one’s ethics is not always comprehended in the global context at large, immediate surrounding, or even among the closest family members. This is mainly as a result of the difference in the development of personal ethics. Personal ethics develop early in life through interaction with family, church, school, and other members of the general community. All these people play part in helping one mold his/her beliefs (Hatcher, 2007). Personal ethics are established through unconscious observations as well as experiences of childhood. Personal ethics narrate values that help an individual make sense of his/her life. They enable one to make moral decisions that are not inclined towards the good of an individual but to all people. An ethical person undergoes extensive internal battles, trying to figure out whether his or her actions will negatively impact on others. Personal ethics enable individuals to make decisions that are meant for the benefit of all. They act as an innate factor that enable individuals make rational and morally correct decisions (Hatcher, 2007).

Western Art Music | Analysis

Western Art Music | Analysis Western Art Music Western practices define art music as a musical tradition that is basically written, not transmitted by rote or in any recordings but preserved in the form of music notation. This art evolved prior to renaissance period in Europe and matured in romantic period. We can define the identity of an art work by its notated version. Earlier, the European art music was derived as a part of the traditional music. We can say that the art music concept refers to authentic and creative music. Here, I am going to describe the three famous western art music composers, who belong to the different historical periods. They are Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) and Alban Berg (1885-1935). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Johann Sebastian Bach was born in year 1685 in Eisenach and was a craftsman. His father’s name was Johann Ambrosius Bach. He was an organist at St. Georges Church. His mother’s name was Maria Elisabetha Là ¤mmerhirt. His father Ambrosius taught him how to play violin and harpsichord. His relatives were professional musicians. Their posts ranged from church organists and musicians to composers. His uncle taught him the art of playing the organ. He was proud to his family’s achievement. His mother and father died in the year 1694, when he was only 10 years old. After his parents’ death, he moved away with his elder brother to Ohrdruf, where he learnt music (Geck Hargraves, 2006). His era was characterized by presence of composers who created work on the demand of employers. Bach focused on the different flavor of the music. In Weimar, as a court organist, he successfully produced organ works, and created music as desired by his patron who was the composer for the Prince of Anhalt-Cà ¶then. In Leipzig, Bach held the most long term and important position as a cantor in Church of St. Thomas. It should not be surprising that in this period, he wrote great church music. The demands from employers helped him to create work under various genres. He did work on sacred vocals that consist of 200 cantatas of church; other works consist of 20 cantatas which were under Secular vocal. Apart from this, his works comprise of music based on Orchestra, including 4 suites of orchestra, 6 Brandenburg Concertos, and for 1, 2, 3 and 4 harpsichords. 6 sonatas and partitas formed the part of unaccompanied violin under Chamber music. Bach Also composed key board music, which includes 2 volumes of Das wohltemperirte Clavier. Among the suites composed there were 6 French Suites, 6 English Suites, etc. In the field of organ music, he made contribution in about 150 chorale preludes, fantasias, toccatas, preludes, and fugues (Wolff, 2000). Bach had the quality of a student or an emulator. The music of his contemporaries constantly surrounded the composer. His study into their music gave an insight to him about the wide variety of personal and national styles as he was often engaged in the re-arranging of these pieces into different instrumental combinations. This was the unique work, which he carried all through his life thus integrating them into his own ideas. Bach had deep faith in his religion. Even his Bible was filled with various annotations and comments. These religious feelings can be very well felt in his music, which frequently strikes the listeners’ heart. Bach liked completeness in every task he did. His various works seem to move forward to attain completeness by exploring each imaginable possibility. The examples showing this attitude are two of his collections of preludes and fugues. In preparing them, Bach had made use of every possible major and minor key combinations. But this encyclopedic quality came out in his final works only. His mass in minor is a summation of his sacred style, which he redrafted from his previous pieces. Thus, to conclude, we can say that his music was unique because it constituted the human element in it (Williams, 2004). Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) The second composer chosen by me is Ludwig Van Beethoven. He was born on 16th December 1770, in the German town of Bonn in a musicians’ family. His father and grand father were also musicians. Till the age of eleven, his father acted as his teacher but after that he went under the guidance of the court organist C. G. Neefee. As soon as he reached the age of twelve he deputized Neefe. In this period, his first music notes were published. He remained the assistant of Neefe till the year 1787. Soon after this, at the small age of seventeen he went to Vienna. This time his visit was very short because of his mother’s illness. After five years, in 1792 he finally went to Vienna to earn his living (Powell, 1995, December). From the year 1792, he started learning composing and counter pointing under the able guidance of Salieri, Haydn, Albrechtsberger and Schenk. He simultaneously tried to establish himself as a composer and pianist. From the year 1800, Bethoven was trying hard to master the high classical style, so that he could impress the town Aristocrats. With the passage of time he was successful in establishing very good relations with them. These relations helped him secure his income for living. By the year 1809, the princes of the state, Prince Lobkowitz, Archduke Rudolp and Prince Kinsky were impressed by him and had guaranteed him yearly income. This period denoted the â€Å"early period† of his life (Cooper, 1991). From the start of the middle period, i.e. from 1809 to 1813, he enhanced and developed his high classical style into a more individualistic and dynamic style. By this time, he was able to write piano concert Nr.5, symphonies Nr. 3 – 8 and many other chamber music. At the negative side of his life, he came to know that his hearing power was being lost with the passage of time. This hearing impairment also broke his relations with the lady whom he loved. By the year 1812, his performances came to stand still because of his ailment. It was difficult for him to even handle public interaction. Some of his remember able music compositions were Symphony No.5 in C minor; Symphony No.9 in D minor â€Å"Choral†; Piano Sonata No.30 in E minor, first movement; Piano Sonata No.8 in C minor â€Å"Pathà ©tique†, Adagio cantabile and Piano Sonata No.14 in C-sharp minor â€Å"Moonlight†, Adagio sostenuto (Stanley, 2000). He lost his brother in the year 1815. After this, he tried to be in the custody of one of his nephew. Bethoven was now harassed on the matters related to this nephew. His relations with his nephew were also getting worse and he was unable to handle these circumstances; as a result, he tried to commit suicide in the year 1826. This period is also known as the late period of Bethoven’s music career. Having a fight with all these struggles along with his poverty, Ludwig Van Beethoven left the world on March 26, 1827. In the end, a brief summary of his life long contribution can be summarized year wise as following: 1800: His first Orchestral symphony; 1802: Orchestral symphony no. 2; 1803: No.3 â€Å"Eroica† orchestral symphony; 1804: a triple concerto (piano, violin, and cello), piano sonata Op.53 â€Å"Waldstein†; 1805: 1 opera, Fidelio; 1806: No.4 orchestral symphony, 1 concerto for violin, piano sonata Op.13 â€Å"Pathà ©tique†; 1808: No.6 â€Å"Pastoral† orchestral symphony; 1812: No.7 8 orchestral symphony;1816: song cycle â€Å"To the Distant Beloved† (An die ferne Geliebte); 1823: Choral music including Missa solemnis; 1824: The final â€Å"Choral† orchestral symphony (Cooper, 1991). Alban Berg (1885-1935) The First composer that I have chosen from contrasting historical periods is Alban Maria Johannes Berg. He was an Australian composer and was from the period of 19th century. Alban Maria Johannes Berg was born on 9th February, 1885 in Vienna. His father’s name was Conrad Berg, who was a positioned sales executive in the export trade. He belonged to Nuremberg but shifted to Vienna in the year 1867. His mother’s name was Johanna Anna Berg. Alban’s maternal grand father was a Viennese citizen (Bruhn, 1998). Conrad and Johanna Berg had four children. The eldest of them was Conrad. Charley was his second brother and he followed the steps of his father. Alban was third Child of his parents. The fourth Child was Smaragda. Smaragda and Alban were very close to each other (Perle, 1980). Alban’s mother Johanna was very vigorous and energetic person. Alban learnt more from his father rather than his mother. When Alban was a child he was more interested in literature rather than music. He began to compose when he was 15 years old. In the year 1903, he completed his education. Till the age of 19, he learnt the music on his own. In the year 1904, he became the associate member of second Viennese school Arnold and Anton Webern. He studied about counterpoint, music theory, and harmony with Arnold Schoenberg. He studied music for full-time by the year 1906. Alban met the singer Helene Nahowski, daughter of a wealthy family in the year 1906 (Perle, 1980). In the year 1907, he became composer. He also inscribed songs, which included his Seven Early Songs; three out of which were Bergs first openly performed work in a concert. This also featured the music of Schoenbergs pupils in Vienna. Arnold Schoenberg seems to be the most prominent person in his life. He spent 6 years with Arnold. Till 1911, he worked and studied with him. Alban Berg used to admire Arnold Schoenberg as a musician and teacher. They remained close acquaintances lifelong. Both of them developed an idea of developing variation. Alban passed the idea to his students (Bruhn, 1998). The society in which he grew up was of very helpful nature. Alban’s social environment consists of the watercolorist Gustav Klimt, the author and comedian Karl Kraus, the architect Adolf Loos, the poet Peter Altenberg, and the musical group Alexander von Zemlinsky and Franz Schreker. In the year 1913, two songs of Bergs were on Picture Postcard Texts (Perle, 1980). The music of Alban explains and demonstrates better than any other individual composer. Alban engaged a lyrical and harmonic language that resemble to the romantic style. He was the most advanced composer of this style. For the work, Alban Berg moved from a rather tonal approach to a purely atonal style. Alban created a rich mix of styles and approaches which included the language that ranges from post-romantic to purely atonal, free mixing of popular and folk elements. Alban Berg’ romantic tonal works gave ways to growing atonality and to 12-tone composition. Alban’s other works included two string quartets. His work included the Lyric Suite in year 1926; Three Pieces for Orchestra in year 1915; Orchestral music which includes Chamber Concerto in year 1925. One of his works Lulu (Opera) remained unfinished due to his death. For 3 years, i.e. 1915 to 1917, Alban served the Austrian Army. In the year 1917 he started to work for his first Opera (Wozzeck). An opera is an art in which singers and musical group perform a theatrical work. After 1920, he started to teach private pupils of Vienna. Alban’s most appreciated work is his mournful Violin Concerto, quotations from historical tonal music which includes a Bach singing group and Carinthian folk song. Alban Berg passed away in year 1935 in Vienna, on Christmas Eve. He died of blood poisoning that was caused by an insect bite. He was 50 years old at that time (Schmalfeldt, 1991). Conclusion The study of these composers reveals that they have made significant contributions in the field of western art music. Though, they all have different inspirational background but still their work in the field of sacred vocal, orchestral suits are remarkable. For example Bach made great contribution as an organist in secular vocal and composed different suits of orchestra. Bethoven was the musician having both romantic and classical styles. He was a new composer of the new age with high energy. His involvement in controversies also made him the most interesting of all great composers. The work of Alban Berg includes the two operas. The first one was Wozzeck and the second was the Lulu. His intention behind this was to include the technique of composition, which means to give theater what belongs to theater. His aim was to compose good music to develop musical content of drama and to translate poetic language into music.

General William T. Sherman :: General Sherman Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most colorful characters of the Civil War was a General named William T. Sherman. During the period of the war (1861-1865), General Sherman went full circle from being forced to retire on trumped up charges that he was insane, to becoming a key player in bringing this bloody war to a close. He entered the annals of military history as one of the greatest and most distinguished generals of all time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William T. Sherman was born to Charles N. Sherman and Mary Hoyt Sherman in Lancaster, Ohio, on February 8, 1820. General Sherman can trace his family history back to England. The Sherman family first came to the New World in 1634, settling in Boston, Massachusetts. Several family members achieved notorial prominence; including Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Daniel Sherman, who sat in the Connecticut General Assembly for 30 years. In addition, Sherman’s father became a state Supreme Court Judge in Ohio. William T. Sherman was once thrown from a horse as a young child and was not expected to live. In 1829, things would once again take a turn for the worse with the Sherman Family. Sherman’s father was away on the circuit when the elder Sherman took ill and died. No doubt this caused a problem for Mrs. Sherman to have to support 10 children. Family members and friends took all but the three youngest children to raise in their homes. A family of prominence took in Young William. Senator Thomas Ewing and his wife took in young William and treated him like their own son. Senator Ewing was the first Secretary of the Interior for the United States. It was Senator Ewing’s influence that helped William get into West Point in 1836. William graduated in 1840, 6th in his class. Sherman would later marry his stepsister Ellen Ewing on May 1, 1850, in the Blair House in Washington, D.C. Sherman and his wife would eventually have several children together, including a young son who die d during the Civil War, just as President Lincoln’s young son had died. One of Sherman’s sons became a Catholic priest at the urging of his mother who was a devout Catholic. General Sherman himself converted to Catholicism but never really accepted the religion as his own. In peacetime, Sherman was unsuccessful at several business attempts just like Ulysses S. Grant. Ironically it was the Civil War that distinguished them as historical immortals.

The Hornets Nest Essay -- Expository Cause Effect Essays

The Hornet's Nest Without proper preparation, getting rid of a hornet's nest can cause more problems than it solves. Although I do not have first-hand experience, I can relay an incident explained to me by my mother regarding my father and the hornet's nest he came upon in their flowering crab tree. Suffering from the results of the incident, which can only be described as simultaneously hysterical and tragic, my father spent most of last week recovering from injuries that were both self and hornet-inflicted. His various comical and disastrous attempts to remove this nest from their property, and the resulting misery he endured, bring to mind a saying my high school English professor used frequently, "If you fail to plan, plan to fail." Under the guise of "heading out to do some yard work," my father took on the dubious and dangerous task of attempting to rid his treasured flowering crab tree of a hornet's nest, reported by my mother to be the size of a large, ripe watermelon. Armed with the starter for the barbeque, the garden hose and a rake, Dad approached the tree and offending nest with the determination of a front line soldier ordered to advance on the enemy line. His plan was to set the nest on fire (yes, while still attached to the tree) and then douse the ensuing inferno with the garden hose. Coming upon the nest, Dad stealthily lit the barbeque starter under the huge hornet hive and stepped back as it became engulfed in flames. With his trusty garden hose in hand, he immediately began his attempt to extinguish the flames before the tree, the house, the whole neighborhood caught on fire. Although the flames died down expediently, not all of the hornets perished in the blaze. A few survivors remained, and all... ... ice pack pressed to his neck. Three of the disenchanted beasts had pursued my father into the house and the crashing sounds were those of the ensuing chase and massacre in the living room. What were the results of this encounter? My father sustained bad stings to his neck, forearm and calf, a large bruise to his knee, and a stiff and sore back that threatened to halt his journey to work the following morning. It is apparent to me that the moral of this story is that proper preparation would have saved my father a great deal of pain and suffering. Had he taken a few simple precautions (wearing long sleeves and gloves, or perhaps making a quick call to an exterminator) perhaps the incident may never have occurred. According to the latest reports from my mother, the nest remains where it landed on the boulevard of their lawn and is still humming menacingly today.

The Supreme Court Essay -- Supreme Court Governmental Congress Essays

The Supreme Court At the apex of our federal court system stands the United States Supreme Court. It stands as the ultimate authority in constitutional interpretation and its decision can be changed only by a constitutional amendment. Two documents are responsible for its creation which is the Constitution, which explicitly creates the Supreme Court, and the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789. The Supreme Court is the only court named in the constitution laying out the Courts basic jurisdiction, identifying the mode of selection and tenure for justices. Under Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution provides that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish." Article III establishes the Court as the chief authority of the judicial branch making it equal to the executive and legislative branches (Lieberman, 2003, p 3). The Judiciary Act of 1789 not only set up the federal court system and used the Court’s jurisdiction under the Constitution as a basis for granting it broad powers that are recognized everywhere. According to Abraham (1983), â€Å"There is no gainsaying the importance and the majesty of the most powerful of courts, not only in the United States, but the entire free world (p. 19).† The French political observer Alexis de Tocqueville noted the uniqueness of the Supreme Courts in the history of nations and jurisprudence. He stated, â€Å"The representative system of government has been adopted in several states of Europe, but I am unaware that any nation of the globe has hitherto organized judicial power in the same manner as the Americans. . . . A more imposing judicial power was never constituted by any people (qtd in Abraham, 1983, p. 27). Issues as the number of justices, their qualifications and their duties have been settled by law and tradition rather than being specified in the Constitution (Baum, 1992, p. 13). The Courts composition was addressed in the Judiciary Act of 1789 under Section 1 stating â€Å"That the Supreme Court of the United States shall consist of a chief justice and five associate justices. . . â€Å". The number of justices changed several times during the Courts first century. A number of changes were to the number of justices after the Judiciary Act of 1789 in part to accommodate the justices’ duties in... ...embers are crucial in affecting the interpretations of the Constitution and important amendments relevant to citizens (Champion, 2003, p. 203). References Abraham, H. (1983). The Judiciary: The Supreme Court in the Governmental Process (6th ed). Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Baum, L. (1992). The Supreme Court. (4th ed). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc. Champion, D. (2003). Administration of Criminal Justice: Structure, Function and Process. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Lieberman, J. Supreme Court of the United States. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2003. Retrieved 22 September from the World Wide Web: http://encarta.msn.com Supreme Court Cases. Retrieved 17 September 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/index.html The History of the Supreme Court. Retrieved 12 September 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supremecourt/supcthist.html Van Dervort, T. (2000). American Law and the Legal System: Equal Justice under the Law. (2nd ed). Albany, NY: West Legal Studies Zalman, M. (2002). Criminal Procedure: Constitution and Society. (3rd ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

An Analysis of the Character Du Tenth in the poem Essay

Du Mei is the lead female character in Feng Meng-Long’s poem â€Å"Du Tenth Sinks the Jewel Box in Anger†. She was a famous courtesan belonging to one of the brothels located in the Northern capital of China during the Ming Dynasty. Du Mei was also known as Du Tenth by virtue of being the â€Å"tenth-born of her generation† (837). She was described to be extremely attractive and alluring. Her beauty was said to be flawless and could only be compared to what is most beautiful in nature. Below is an excerpt from the poem: Two arcs of eyebrow traced with green of distant hills; a pair of eyes bright with welling autumn floods. Face like a lotus bud – just like Wen-jun of the Zhou clan; Lips like cherries†¦ (837) Her reputation was so renowned that a jingle was composed in her honor which remarked on her effect on men and how other women pale beside her. Du Tenth exhibited no qualms about taking advantage of her charms. She was more cunning than coy. From the age of thirteen when she lost her virginity and up until the age of nineteen when she met and chose her favored lover Li Jia, she enthralled men and controlled them to squander their fortunes on her. Her cunning once more came to the fore as she negotiated the terms of her freedom. As her greedy madam was trying to manipulate her to get rid of Li Jia who by that time had run out of money, Du Tenth outmaneuvered her and pounced on the prattle of her madam about Li buying her freedom. She worked on the madam’s innate skepticism and managed to get the price down and extend the deadline from three days to ten days. She even got the madam to commit to her word. She likewise worked on Li to commit to his word to buy her freedom and to take her away with him as his wife and start a new life. More so at that time, having a former whore as a wife was unacceptable to polite society and most especially to political families to which Li Jia was a member of. Du Tenth also showed her romantic side and her sense of loyalty by sticking beside Li in spite of his lack of financial capability, his weak personality and numerous shortcomings. She nudged him on and encouraged him by putting up half of the buy-out money and allowing him to save face by giving him the opportunity to complete the other half. She was able to accomplish this without causing undue embarrassment to him. She was level-headed and showed strength in her demeanor not even once shedding tears of frustration unlike Li who cried in torrents. Not once did she waiver on her objective. She was able to deliberate her actions, carefully plan each step and anticipated every need that may come up in her quest for a new life with Li. She also expressed gratitude freely and forged lasting relationships with her sisters in the quarters instead of envy and enmity for being far beautiful than they. Du Tenth’s intelligence and woman’s guile further manifested itself during her travel with Li. She made suggestions instead of outright commands on the best steps to take to gain acceptance back into his family. She demonstrated a keen sense of self-control. She kept her cards close to chest and did not reveal all her plans to Li perhaps in the hope that he just might be able to come up with a plan on his own that would benefit them both. However, in return, he betrayed her instead to Sun Fu. Sun belonged to a family of salt merchants who harbored a malicious intent towards Du Tenth after hearing her excellent singing. Li betrayed her to Sun by revealing her as a whore and he again betrayed her by selling her off for a thousand taels. Upon learning of this betrayal from Li herself, Du Tenth continued to outwardly look calm and collected while seething inside from disappointment and rage. True to form, Li missed the sarcasm of her remark, â€Å"The man who devised this plan for you is truly a great hero. The fortune of a thousand taels will enable you to restore your position in your family, and I will go to another man so as not to be a burden to you† (852). Regardless, she continued to harbor hope that Li might see the error of his ways and fight for their love as she did. However, as soon as the thousand taels exchanged hands, her anger boiled over. She was a woman scorned and she showed her anger in the same deliberate way she acted all her life. Her actions were controlled and measured. She did not scream and throw a fit. Instead, the embarrassment that she had been saving Li from, she finally used against him to maximum effect. She used her cunning and maneuvered to gather as much of a crowd as she can by gradually producing her precious jewelry and with spectacle, threw them overboard one by one. Once she had the attention of the crowd, she cursed Sun and unleashed her disdain for Li. She announced his betrayal of the devoted and everlasting love that she offered. She drove home his error in accepting the thousand taels and made it known to him that with her, he could have had more had he only shown the same loyalty and faithfulness. She had coped with a shameful life and Li further shamed her by casting her aside. In revenge, she shamed both by jumping into the river and drowned herself. Yet, even in death, she showed her gratitude for the kindness she had received while living. Liu Yu-chun, Li Jia’s friend who actually raised the remaining half of the buy-out money, found himself at the other end of Du Tenth’s eternal gratitude. It was because of him, he who believed in the power of the love and devotion that she had for Li, that she was able to experience life of a free woman, albeit fleeting, without the indignity of being a whore. In return, Du Tenth gifted him with the remaining contents of her jewel box. Du Tenth was a cunning and strong-willed woman. She knew what she wanted, had the ability to devise plans and was willing to work on the means to get it. Regardless, she had not failed to show appreciation to all those who helped her along the way. Her experience as a courtesan should have left her jaded. Yet, deep inside, she remained a romantic at heart.

Different Leadership Styles in the Public Service

There are several different leadership styles used within the public services. Therefore there are many varied suggestions that define someone as being a strong leader. However a ‘leadership style’ is a unique style that people recognise to encourage or influence other people in a way others do not so that they admire and want to be like. A team leader’s role in the public services is to provide instruction and direction and guidance and leadership this is to help inspire and encourage the team to reach their goals and aims.They have to keep the team focused on there current task or tasks and be able to communicate within their group effectively. Team spirit needs to be kept positive so that this ensures that tasks assigned are completed on time and that the group’s standards are always kept high. The three main Leadership styles used in the public services: AuthoritarianThe Authoritarian leader makes quick, clear and precise independent decisions without a ny input. Even if there was, it wouldn’t affect the overall decision making as it needs to be decided quickly. The appropriate leader that would use the common traits of an authoritarian leader would be an officer in the army because usually they are loud and demanding. DemocraticThe democratic leader involves the whole team having an input in the decision-making. The team members can give opinions that may affect or influence the final decision. The team leader is still responsible for the final decision but after listening, taking in account all the opinions and weighing them up. The appropriate way this style can be used is in the fire service, for example, rescuing a person or people in a burning building therefore it needs more than one person to help decide the best decision. Laissez faireThe laissez faire leader more of an independent off hands approach. This style is only used if the leader has a lot of trust in the team and relies on them to get on with the task in h and with high standards and little direction. However the team has a lot more freedom to achieve because they are highly motivated and feel empowered. For example the most effective way  this style could be used is if you gave a police forensic team to go out and complete a task.Other leadership styles used in public servicesTransactionalThe transactional style of leadership is pretty straight forward but it uses rewards and punishments to motivate the team. This is a style of leadership that is similar but not as extreme as the autocratic style. The transactional styles are direct and dominant and spend a great amount of time saying what is expected from the team as a whole. The leaders monitor the work and each and everyone’s individual performance, there is also a clear chain of command. Transactional leaders are very commonly found within businesses where people are given rewards such as bonuses, training or time off if they show a good demonstration.TransformationalThe transformational style of leadership focuses on the team’s performance as a whole, it encourages everyone to think of the group as a whole and rather not just themselves. Transformational leaders aim to make their team members better people by encouraging their self-awareness, it’s all about moving forward in a team and not just several individuals in one group. An example of transformational leadership would be within the army where as a team you all have to move forward and stick together in a group ‘’never leave a man behind’’.BureaucraticThe bureaucratic style of leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on rules and procedures to manage teams and projects. This is a classic style of leadership that is used quite a lot in organisations that don’t encourage innovation and change by leaders who maybe insecure and uncertain in what their role maybe. It is defused among a number of departments or people where there is a strict set of rules. This approach to leadership is commonly used in uniformed and non-uniformed public services. Bureaucratic  leadership is common in jobs were safety and efficiency is very important. Occupations would include fire-fighters, police, nursing, and the armed forces. People orientatedPeople Orientated is slightly similar but a bit different to the task-orientated leadership. Within this style of leadership, this style focuses on participation of all the team members, clear communication, supporting and developing the individual in order to improve their skills. The members of this team inspire other people by unlocking their own potential, this style is participative and encourages good team work. As an example in the police if a woman has kids the leader would let her go home and ask others to stay behind. Task OrientatedIn this style of leadership it’s all about getting the job done. It’s all about the key of the task rather than about everyone else in the team. Their main focus is just to get the task done weather it is instructed or unstructed. This style can have many difficulties such as difficulties of the lack of motivating and the retaining the team as a whole. An example a police inspector organising crowd control at a football match may use a task-cantered approach.Comparing and Evaluating the three main styles of leadership The three main types of leadership styles are Autocratic, Democratic, and Laissez-faire. Autocratic is when the leader has complete control, and no one else gets to make decisions. Despite that they get many tasks completed, morale is low. Democratic is considered to be the best. Everyone has a voice on how things are done. People who are then the leader have better morale, and get better quality of work done. Laissez Faire is when the leader plays no role in completing objectives. Very little is achieved under a Laissez Faire rule. If a civilian was trapped inside a vehicle after an accident collision th e fire brigade would be called to assist within the accident.The type of leadership style I would use in this scenario would be the democratic approach, my reasons for this are that the team need time to consider the best possible option/decision to bring about the best result. In my opinion I would not use the Autocratic approach as this is where a leader needs to  think and act fast without no input from their team. In this situation thinking and acting fast might not bring about the best result as you need to consider if the victim trapped in the vehicle has any injuries that might affect his removal from the vehicle, or any problems with the vehicle it’s self such as a dangerous leak that could potentially cause an explosion or a fire.